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Darpa’s New Threat Detection Sensors Illustrate the Need for Explosives Testing

Boomtown Devs

Recent explosive testing led by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) marked a major step in the pathway to creating a future with fewer chemical threats. The test which took place in the Indianapolis metro area “collect[ed] more than 250 hours of daily life background atmospheric data across five neighborhoods that helped train algorithms to more accurately detect chemical and biological threats” (“DARPA Conducts Chemical, Biological Threat Detection Sensors Tests in Indianapolis”). The sensor system collects data, signaling local authorities in real-time of the presence of chemical or biological threats. The success of this test program shines a light on the potential for the implementation of cloud-based detection systems across major cities and metro areas around the US.

Why we Need Chemical and Biological Threat Protection to Identify Explosives

Forecasts predict that from a period of 2019-2026 the global threat detection systems market will grow at a compound annual growth rate of 13.45% (Data Bridge Market Research). This growth can be attributed to several factors:

  • The increasing desire for control and visibility over explosives
  • Geopolitical instabilities as well as increasing territorial conflicts worldwide
  • Growth in large-scale surveillance at public gatherings
  • Government regulations over security devices

It’s likely COVID-19 has also contributed to these factors, calling for a greater understanding of what chemicals pose a risk to society and how to properly protect against them.

Chemicals “have characteristics that make them attractive for deployment against an open society: easily concealed, undetectable at a distance, and visually indistinguishable from materials in everyday use. Moreover, the potential for their use causes anxiety” (National Research Council The National Academies). Technically speaking, it’s easy for chemicals to spread via current systems in place (postmail, transportation, etc.) and even the accessibility of chemicals today poses an additional threat to monitoring those who intend to use them maliciously.

Which Compounds are Explosive?

Even common household chemicals have the potential to be weaponized. Acetone, commonly used in nail care, can be combined with hydrogen peroxide to create a highly explosive Acetone Peroxide (otherwise widely known as APEX). Nitric or sulphuric acid, often found in rust remover and/or drain cleaner, can help make explosive nitro-glycerine. Hydrogen peroxide, found in pool sanitizers, is a key ingredient to create triacetone triperoxide (otherwise known as TATP or “mother of satan”). And Nitro-methane alone, which is found in model engine fuel can be more explosive than TNT. The accessibility to weaponize these everyday chemicals calls for widespread monitoring at scale.

How do you Test for Explosives?

Technology advancements have given way to greater control over identifying and tracking chemical and biological threats. Explosive testing is broken down into two types: trace detection and bulk detection. Trace detection analyzes the microscopic residues of explosive material whereas bulk detection analyzes a visible mass of explosive material (Parmeter et al.).

Common testing methods include:

Trace Detectors

  • Ion-Mobility Spectrometry (IMS) – Thermo-Redox – an electrochemical technique based on the thermal decomposition of explosive molecules and the subsequent reduction of NO2 groups.
  • Chemiluminescence – Analyzes the production of light that is emitted when specific chemicals react.
  • Colorimetric – Analyzes the production of color from a chemical reaction.
  • Mass Spectrometry – Analyzes molecular weight and fragmentation to identify specific chemicals.

Bulk Detectors

  • X-Ray Systems – detect materials that have explosive-like qualities like a high density and low z-number. This method is commonly used to detect bombs.
  • Neutron Method-Based Systems – uses gamma rays to identify explosive-like materials.
  • Optical Sensor Detectors – Uses lasers to examine atmospheric data.

How are Explosives Measured?

Explosives are measured by their strength using a scale called Ballistic Mortar.

How do you Handle Explosive Chemicals?

Always take precautions when handling chemicals. Proper labeling including the name, quantity, and last opened date should always be visible. Check occasionally for containers that may become pressurized. Before moving any type of chemical, test it to make sure you are aware of its explosive properties at a given point in time. Moving, especially in large quantities, should only be done by trained personnel who are knowledgeable about laws and codes regarding bulk chemical transport.

What Standards does Chem Service Provide for Explosives Testing?

Chem Service makes the standard for chemical testing. We are knowledgeable about government rules and regulations and have experience in all aspects of chemical standards for explosives testing, with the ability to assist customers at every step. Contact Chem Service today if you’re interested in learning more about standards for explosives testing.

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